"Heartbleed" SSL bug, what should you do?

It seems like everyone (online and offline) is talking about the "Heartbleed" SSL bug.  To over simplify how it works, a malicious user or program can make a call to a remote server and request information from it's memory which can include information such as encrypted versions of a username and password.

The following XKCD comic does a great job in making this bug more understandable for those that might not understand the technical underpinnings of SSL.

If you want to know what to do, there are a few things you should know.  First of all this bug only effects Linux servers using an older version of an open source SSL implementation.  So not all web sites are effected, because its not a problem with the SSL technology.

Second, most of the large popular sites that were effected by it should have patched their servers by now. Some sites have already send out notifications to users to change their password.

If you're worried about a specific web site/account, go ahead and change it just to be on the safe side.  When dealing with the Internet it never hurts to be too careful.

Script: World Simplest Network Scanner (Class C)

Note: This tool requires an understanding of IPv4 networking to utilize it.

If you have a small home or business network, and need a way to find all the devices that are attached to it, then you can use a program called a "network scanner".  It will try to find all the visible devices (i.e. without a firewall blocking outside network access) on a network using various different techniques.

A simple way of mapping the visible devices on your network, that doesn't require the use of any extra tools.  Paste the following line into the command prompt:

for /l %i in (1,1,255) do @ping -n 1 192.168.1.%i | find /i "bytes="

Notes: 

• You might have to modify the text in red so matches the network segment you want to scan.
• There are more robust 3rd party network scanners available.  Check your favorite tool site to see what they may offer.
• Another trick that can be use to find out this information check your router or DHCP server to see what devices have requested a dynamic IP address.

Windows 7: Use Your Laptop as a Wi-Fi Hotspot

You can share your laptop's Internet connection with other WiFi devices (for example, an iPad or any other Wi-Fi enabled devices) using a Windows feature called "Virtual WiFi".

Note: The drivers for the wireless adapter need to support this functionality, so you may need to update the driver.

• From the Start screen, type CMD in the in the search field and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter (starts the Administrator command prompt).
• At the command prompt window, type: netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=MyNet key=MyPassword (replace MyNet with the name for your wireless network and MyPassword with a password that will need to be entered for devices to connect to it). Press the Enter key.
• Then type netsh wlan start hostednetwork. Press the Enter key.
• From the Start screen, type Network and Sharing Center, click the Settings button.  Then click on the Network and Sharing Center icon.
• In the left pane, click the Change Adapter Settings link.
• Right-click the network adapter you use for your Internet connection and select Properties, 
• Click the Sharing tab, check Allow other network users to connect through this computer's Internet connection... check box.
• Press the OK button when done

When you restart your computer, this functionality will automatically be disabled.  To turn it back on, from the administrator command prompt, type netsh wlan start hostednetwork.  You can create a shortcut for this command so you don't have to type it.

Notes: To delete the virtual WiFi connection, from the Run... command (Winkey + R), type CMD in the in the search field and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter (starts the Administrator command prompt). At the command prompt, type "netsh wlan stop hostednetwork", and press the Enter key.  Then type "netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=disallow", and press the Enter key again.

Windows 8: Password Reset Disk

If a user forgets their password, not all is lost if a password reset disk was created ahead of time. This disk allows a lost password to be reset, so the user can regain access to their account and files.

This feature only works for local user accounts and only for those who take the time to create it. It's a good practice to create this disk when a new account is setup.

Make sure to put the disk in a secure location because anyone with the disk can override the security for the account.

To create a Password Reset Disk:

• Open the Start menu, and type Password Reset, click the Settings button then click Create a password reset disk.

If you type in the wrong password, you’ll receive a message indicating that your user name and password are incorrect. Click OK when this message appears and then click the Reset password option. Follow the on-screen instructions to reset your password using the disk you created in the previous steps.

Troubleshooting: Wireless Network Antennas

In a previous article I talked about a software tool for troubleshooting problems with a wireless network signal.  This article focuses on the antenna and related technologies.  I will do my best to keep the subject matter of this article so that its understandable.  Although, the terminologies and concepts can quickly become confusing.

When troubleshooting a wireless network problem, it’s important to have a good understanding of the basic technology in order to solve problems with it.  One of the primary components of any wireless network is the antenna.

The primary antenna issue with most wireless networks is the range of the signal.  To help extend the range of the WiFi device, there are a few things that can be done.

• Try moving the WAP to a new location.  Ideally it should be centrally located in a structure, unless you're broadcasting the signal between two points.
• Try to create one of the many DIY wireless signal enhancers that are available on the Internet (see the reference area below).
• Buy a better antenna for the WAP or wireless network card (if the device supports this option).
• Note: there are a few different types of common antenna connectors
• Buy a WiFi signal booster/extender/repeater to extend the range of the signal.  There are a few different types of these devices, research will be needed to find the one that will best meet the requirements of the network.
• Note: If considering a high-power antenna or some type of signal booster, the FCC limits the maximum transmission power to 1 watt, or about 36 dB.

There are some important terms to know about WiFi networking to have a greater understanding of the technology:

• 802.11: The international wireless networking protocol standard.  There are currently six versions of this protocol (801.11/b/a/g/n/ac).  Each version of the protocol is faster then the previous.
• Attenuation: The loss or weakening of a signal through its transmission.
• Direction: There are generally two types of antennas: unidirectional (one direction) and omni-directional (all directions).  Unidirectional antennas are for point-to-point communication.  Omni-directional antennas are for point-to-multipoint communication.
• Frequency: The two main frequencies that are used in 802.11 wireless networking are: 2.4GHz and 5GHz.  The 2.4GHz frequency is the most popular, and often the noisiest.
• Gain: A measurement of the antenna's signal and typically measured in dB (decibels).

Additional Resources:

• DIY WiFi Antenna booster: Ez-12 Parabolic Reflector Template
• When buying a new antenna for a wireless device, there are few basic types of 802.11 antennas.  Depending on the wireless network setup, some of these may be able to help boost the signal or range.
• Parabolic: supports a unidirectional signal, can look like a satellite dish.  Generally used for sending a signal between two specific points.
• Yagi: supports a unidirectional signal, the core antenna can be covered with a plastic tubular housing (it can also look like an older style TV antenna).  Like a Parabolic antenna its used for sending a signal between two specific points.
• Dipole: omni-directional signal (signal goes in all directions).  This is the most common WiFi antenna, it can cover a wide area (generally a few hundred feet), but wastes a lot of energy because the signal radiates in all directions.

Troubleshooting: Wireless Network Signal Problems

Have a WiFi network and not sure why you're not getting a good signal from the wireless access point (WAP) or router?  There could be several possible problems, for example:

• The WiFi device is too far away from the WAP to send or receive a radio signal. 
• Tip: Most WAPs use a type of vertical omni-directional antenna that broadcasts a signal that would look like a big doughnut.  Try pointing the antenna where the other wireless devices are located.
• The building structure (i.e. walls depending on their material) can prevent the signal from reaching the wireless device.
• Note: WiFi signals can be blocked by objects containing water (e.g. water heaters, fish tanks, water coolers, etc.)
• Electromagnetic interference from devices like microwave ovens or cordless phones all share the same frequency (2.4GHz) that is used by 802.11 networking.
• Too many other WAPs around the device, and they're causing interference.

With the free home version of the inSSIDer WiFi Scanner its possible to graphically see what is happening with all the other wireless signals around.  This may help find a channel in the local area that is being under utilized to get a better connection.  If necessary, try relocating the WAP or router to a different location to see if that solves the problem.

Watch the video to get more information, and to see a demonstration of the application.  The company does provide a more advanced version of the product for purchase, check out their site for more information.

Windows 8 Tip: Power User Menu

WinKey + X: Displays the Power User menu, which grants quick access to administrator functions and tools such as the command prompt, computer management console, and more.

Note: To add (or delete) shortcuts to utilities in this menu, open the following path in the File Explorer %UserProfile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\WinX.

For more Windows 8 Keyboard Shortcuts.

Windows 8: Change File Explorer Default Open Location

Did you know you can change the File Explorer's (formerly known as Windows Explorer) default behavior of opening the Libraries folder?  Its just of matter of changing the shortcut's properties to something that you would prefer instead.

Follow the instructions below:

• Press the WinKey + D to show the desktop.
• Note: Its important to close all the File Explorer windows.
• Hold down Shift and Right-click on the Explorer icon in the taskbar, and select Properties.  
• Note: you can also make your own shortcut by right-clicking an empty area on the desktop and selecting New > Shortcut, just follow the instructions in the wizard.  Paste any of the command paths below into the Type the location of the item field, press the Next button, give your new shortcut a name, and press the Finish button.
• In the Shortcut tab, in the Target field you can specify the path to the new location that you want to use. For example, use one of the following paths (by default its: %UserProfile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Libraries):
• To open Computer folder (show all drives attached to the computer):%SystemRoot%\explorer.exe /root,::{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}.  The Control Panels folder is: %SystemRoot%\explorer.exe /root,::{20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}\::{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}
• To specify a specific path, use: %SystemRoot%\explorer.exe C:\Users (change C:\Users to be any path you want)
• Press the OK button when done.

Bonus tip:

• Use the /select,"object": To specify a file or folder to receive the initial focus.
• For example: %SystemRoot%\explorer.exe /select,c:\windows\system32\calc.exe (To select the CALC.EXE in the C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32 folder)

Windows 8: Checking Activation Status

Are you a user of Windows 8 Professional or Enterprise edition and would like to check the status of activation on the local computer? Want to make sure that the computer is connected properly to the Key Management Server (KMS) or used your Multiple Activation Key (MAK) properly? Or are you a home user and just want to make sure your computer is fully activated?

Included in Windows 8 (this tool was first made available in Windows Vista, so this tip will work on earlier versions of Windows) is very useful utility that will help you check the status of activation of your computer:

• From the Start screen, type CMD and press the Enter key
• At the command prompt, type slmgr.vbs /dli and press the Enter key (for a more detailed report run slmgr.vbs /dlv).

After a few seconds you will be presented with a pop-up message with your activation status.

Note: Windows 8 supports a new command called: LICENSINGDIAG (e.g. licensingdiag.exe -report c:\output\license_report.xml -log c:\output\license.cab), that generates a report about the activation and registration data on the local computer.  This tool appears to be some type of technical support diagnostic tool based on the way it runs.

More information: Frequently Asked Questions About Volume License Keys (Microsoft)

Windows 8: Tracking Boot/Shutdown/Standby Time Length (Troubleshooting)

Is your computer taking a long time to boot up, shutdown or go to standby?  In the Event Logs it is possible to find the length of time it took for the computer to finish one of these operations.

You might ask why this is important? If this issue just started happening you can track down the specific time when this problem started.  Once you have the time when the issue started, check the Application and System event logs during that time and see if there were any problems.

If this has been happening for a long time this information might not help you because the first time it might have occurred could have been cleared out. Its still worth checking the Application and System event logs during the last boot/shutdown/standby time too see if there were any problems.

• Open the Start screen and type Event viewer into the Search box and click the application icon. 
• In the left pane of the Event Viewer, navigate the folders to Applications and Services Logs/Microsoft/Windows/Diagnostics-Performance. 
• Expand this entry and double click on Operational (it should be the only item in this folder) this will display full diagnostic report of the computer's boot operations. 

Its possible to filter the current log to make it easier to find these events.  Click Filter Current Log... in the pane to the right. In the dialog that appears, change "<All Event IDs>" (the text box above the one labeled Task category) to "100" (for boot events, 200 for shutdown events  and 300 for standy events) . Press the OK button to apply the filter.

Note: For total boot time: Look in the pane that appears below this list; the value next to "Boot Duration" is the amount of time (in MS) that your system took to load from start to finish. Just divide by 1000 to get the time in seconds.

Example:

Log Name:      Microsoft-Windows-Diagnostics-Performance/Operational

Source:        Microsoft-Windows-Diagnostics-Performance

Date:          9/13/2011 8:01:02 AM

Event ID:      100

Task Category: Boot Performance Monitoring

Level:         Critical

Keywords:      Event Log

User:          LOCAL SERVICE

Computer:      SOMEMACHINE

Description:

Windows has started up:

     Boot Duration              :        215730ms

     IsDegradation              :        false

     Incident Time (UTC)        :        ‎2011‎-‎09‎-‎13T14:56:39.702800400Z

Windows 8: General Keyboard Shortcuts

Below is a list of general keyboard shortcuts that can be used in most programs.  For most people, most of these shortcuts are already known, but its suggested that you review the list to see if you can discover new ones that you were not aware of.

• CTRL+A: Selects everything (all editable objects) in the current window.
• CTRL+C: Copies the selected object to the clipboard.
• Tip: In some dialog boxes CTRL+C allows you to copy the text from it.
• CTRL+X: Cuts the selected object to clipboard.
• CTRL+V: Pastes the selected object from clipboard.
• CTRL+Y: Redoes the last command or change.
• Note: This function is not supported in all applications
• CTRL+Z: Undoes the last command or change.
• Tip: Use this shortcut to undo file or folder moves or deletions to the recycle bin.
• DELETE: Deletes the selected text or object
• ESC: Cancel the current task
• F1:  Displays help for that application
• HOME: Puts the cursor at the beginning of a line.
• Note: CTRL+HOME (takes the cursor to the beginning of a document) and CTRL+SHIFT+HOME (selects all text from the cursor to the beginning of a document).
• END:  Puts the cursor at the end of a line.
• Note: CTRL+END (takes the cursor to the end of a document) and CTRL+SHIFT+END (selects all text from the cursor to the end of the document).
• ALT+ Spacebar:  Opens the shortcut menu for the current window.
• Tip: This feature is handy when the window's title bar is off the screen and you can't get to it.  You can press the  ALT+Spacebar keys then use the arrow keys to move the title bar into a visible area.
• SHIFT with any of the arrow keys: Selects more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or selects text in a document.
• CTRL+RIGHT or LEFT ARROW: Moves the insertion point to the beginning of the next or previous word.
• Note: CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys: Highlights a block of text.

More Windows Keyboard Shortcuts

Networking: 802.11 WiFi Standards (Updated)

Are you confused by all the 802.11 WiFi "alphabet soup of letter name" standards, such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, etc? Currently 802.11n  is the most popular standard, and its backwards compatible with 802.11b, and 802.11g.

Here is a brief breakdown of the different 802.11 standards; including: speed, frequency, and the date it was ratified as a standard:

• 802.11: up to 2Mbps, uses the 2.4GHz frequency (Finalized: 1997)
• 802.11b: up to 11Mbps, uses the 2.4GHz frequency (Finalized: 7/1999)
• 802.11a: up to 54Mbps, uses the 5GHz frequency (Finalized: 7/1999)
• 802.11g: up to 54Mbps, uses the 2.4GHz frequency (Finalized: 6/2003)
• 802.11n: up to 150Mbps+, uses the 2.4Ghz and 5GHz frequency (Finalized: 10/2009)
• Utilizes MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output), uses multiple transmitters and receivers antennas to allow for increased data throughput.
• Some Wi-Fi cards and routers can support speeds of 300Mbps when utilizing a feature called 'channel bonding' (if its supported in the networking equipment) and not running into interference from other nearby wireless networks.
• 802.11ac: up to 866Mbps+, uses the 5GHz frequency (Still in draft)

For more information see the following Wikipedia article.

From: Wikipedia

Notes:

• All 802.11 Wi-Fi hotspots only can run as fast as the slowest device on the network.  For example, if you have a 802.11n wireless network with 5 people communicating at 150Mbps. Then if someone brings 802.11b device on the network the Wireless Access Point will slow down to 11Mbps to support the slower device. 
• 2.4GHz equipment can incur interference from microwave ovens, cordless phones, and other appliances using the same radio signal frequency range.
• The higher frequency 5GHz equipment signals has more difficulty penetrating walls and other obstructions.

Windows 8: TCP/IP Addressing (Static and Dynamic)

In Windows, you can have one of two types of IP addresses: dynamic or static. Dynamic IP addresses are temporarily assigned to a network device when their requested, and is generally done during the boot process. The network service that assigns dynamic IP addresses is known as DHCP. While static IP addresses have to be manually assigned to a device by a systems administrator, and are meant to be changed infrequently.

Dynamic IP addresses are the most common method of assigning an IP address to a network based device (such as a computer, printer, etc) because it reduces the network administration overhead. Today's office and work force are in a constant state of flux. People with mobile devices (such as tablets, smartphones, and laptops) will move from location to location, even desktop users can get moved around within a company on a semi-regular basis.

Note: If a Windows client makes a DHCP request for an IP address and doesn't get a reply in a timely manor, then it will switch to using Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA). APIPA is a private IP address range (169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255) that allows devices on a network using this address range to communicate with themselves. To configure this service, click on the Alternate Configuration tab in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) dialog.

If all devices used a static IP address, it would cause a network administration nightmare, they would all have to be changed every time a device was moved.  Most static IP addresses are assigned to servers or network based devices like routers or DNS servers. These devices need a static IP address because other devices on the network depend on knowing how to contact them.

To configure the TCP/IP addressing (dynamic or static) in Windows, follow the instructions below:

• From the Start screen, type Network and click Settings on the right.  Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.  In the left pane, click the Change adapter settings link.
• Right-click the active network connection (note: this selection can change between systems depending on the equipment that is installed), and select Properties.
• Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) [or Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) depending on how your network is configured] and the press the Properties button.

From here you can select one of two options, Obtain an IP address automatically (dynamic) or Use the following IP address (static). If you're using a static IP address you need to know the following information: unique IP address, subnet mask for the network, IP address of the default gateway, and the IP addresses of the primary and secondary DNS servers. When you're done press the OK button twice.

Networking tips:

• To find the TCP/IP address of the local computer, from the command prompt type: IPCONFIG /ALL.
• To request a new DHCP address, from an administrator command prompt type: IPCONFIG /RELEASE and then type: IPCONFIG /RENEW 

Windows 8: File Path Name Tricks

Some windows commands require that you use the full path name of a file, which can be quite long depending on how deep it's in a folder structure.

Below are some tricks to avoid typing this information:

• Hold down the Shift while right-clicking the file or folder and select Copy as path.  This will copy the objects path to the clipboard.
• Drag and drop the file from the desktop or File Explorer into the command prompt window, or the Run... command (WinKey + R) Open field.  From here you can select the text and copy it to the clipboard.

Bonus tip: To open a command prompt at a specific folder in the folder structure, just right-click it and select Open command window here in the pop-up context menu.

Windows 8: File Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

Most of us use Window's built-in File Explorer application (formerly known as the Windows Explorer) to manage files, folders and drives that are accessible by the local computer.

If you prefer using the keyboard to control an application, here are some of the better keyboard shortcuts to know for the File Explorer.

• Ctrl + F: Open up the search pane. 
• Build a complex search query using the controls in the pane to find specific files.
• Alt + Up Arrow (or backspace): Go up a folder.
• Alt + Right Arrow: Go forward (takes you back into your folder browsing history)
• Alt + Left Arrow: Go back (takes you back into your folder browsing history)
• Alt + D: Focus the address bar and select the current path.
• Alt + P: Shows the Preview pane
• Alt + Shift + P: Shows the Details pane
• Alt + Enter: Properties of the selected file
• Ctrl + Mouse wheel: changes the folder view type.
• Ctrl + Shift + N: Creates a new folder at the current location
• Ctrl + F1: Opens or closes the ribbon at the top of the window 
• F4: Opens dropdown menu in the address bar.
• F11: Puts the File Explorer into full-screen mode.

Note: The Windows File Explore tracks the folder browsing history, similar to the way Internet Explorer's tracks your browsing history. Every folder or network path you visit is remembered, you can then use the Alt+Left or Right arrow to move through the folder location history that were previously visited.

For more File Explorer keyboard shortcuts.

Windows 8: Managing the Send To Menu

The Send To menu is a very useful context menu. This feature gives you the ability to right-click on any file and perform a specific action, such as sending a file to the desktop or another location. You can also send a file to a blank e-mail, so that it can be mailed to a friend. The options are not limitless, but they're pretty extensive.

To access the Send To menu, do the following:

• From the Run... command (WinKey + R) Open field or the File Explorer address bar type %userprofile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\SendTo and press the Enter key.
• From here you can create new folders, shortcuts to applications (such as Notepad), and more. If you create a shortcut to an application, make sure that it can handle those file types you want to send it.

If you ever want to remove some items from the Send To menu, just open up the folder and delete the shortcuts you don't want.

Software: Sysinternals Free Utilities

Personally I am not a huge fan of using 3rd party utilities for performing most types of systems diagnostics. I like to rely on the OS's built-in tools as much as possible.  Primarily I don't want to be reliant on a utility that I might not have with me at the time or it requires some type of installation on a customer's system.

Although when I do have to rely on external utilities, one of the first sites I use is Sysinternals (http://www.sysinternals.com). These are some of the better diagnostic and troubleshooting utilities available for Windows. Also, Mark Russinovich and his team are continuously updating the existing tools and creating new ones.

Besides being free and powerful tools, all (or most) of these utilities don't require that they be installed (this is known as being a 'portable application' because it can be moved between systems without installing it).

Sysinternals Suite

The tools on the site can be downloaded individually, or you can download the Sysinternals Suite which contains the latest versions of all the utilities in one package.  As of the writing of this article, below is a current list of the programs that come included within the suite (see below).    

AccessChk AccessEnum AdExplorer AdInsight AdRestore Autologon Autoruns BgInfo CacheSet ClockRes Contig Coreinfo Ctrl2Cap DebugView Desktops Disk2vhd DiskExt DiskMon DiskView Disk Usage (DU) EFSDump FindLinks Handle

Hex2dec Junction LDMDump ListDLLs LiveKd LoadOrder LogonSessions MoveFile NTFSInfo PageDefrag PendMoves PipeList PortMon ProcDump Process Explorer Process Monitor PsExec PsFile PsGetSid PsInfo PsPing PsKill PsList PsLoggedOn

PsLogList PsPasswd PsService PsShutdown PsSuspend RAMMap RegDelNull Registry Usage (RU) RegJump RootkitRevealer SDelete ShareEnum ShellRunas SigCheck Streams Strings Sync TCPView VMMap VolumeID WhoIs WinObj ZoomIt

Note: Text above is from the following page.

Sysinternals Live

The site offers a feature called 'Sysinternals Live' that provides quick access to the latest versions of all their free tools. You can download any of the utilities without having to unzip them. All you have to do is remember the following URL to download them live.sysinternals.com.

Tip: You can also attach live.sysinternals.com like any other network mounted drive, and run the utilities directly from the Internet.

• Open a command prompt (type CMD in the search field under the Start menu)
• Type: net use * \\live.sysinternals.com\tools\
• You will see a message like "Drive Z: is now connected to \\live.sysinternals.com\tools\"
• Type drive letter and press return (i.e.: type Z: then press the Enter key)
• Now type DIR and you will see all the utilities, or open the Windows Explorer and goto the Z: drive (or whatever drive letter the NET USE command gives you).

Windows 8: Installing Hyper-V

Hyper-V is Microsoft's virtual machine (VM) hyper-visor technology.  If you're not sure what a VM is, its virtual hardware composed of software that runs inside of a computer.

Windows 7 had a similar feature called "XP Mode" which utilized the Virtual PC technology.  Although, the Virtual PC lacks several of the more advanced features of Hyper-V.

Hyper-V only used to be available on the Windows Server 2008 platform (and higher).  Microsoft has incorporated Hyper-V technology into Windows 8.  Although, this option is only available in the 64-bit versions of Windows 8 Professional and Enterprise editions of the OS.

Notes: 

• If you're running Windows 8 Standard Edition (or Windows 7), then you will need to use a 3rd party VM technology like: VirtualBox (or another application). 

• There are differences between the Hyper-V Client (Windows 8), and Hyper-V Server (Windows Server 2012).

To utilize this feature the computer needs to have enough RAM (minimum 4GB of RAM), storage and a fast CPU to support this feature.  The computer's CPU and motherboard also need to support the VM extensions (e.g. Intel Virtualization Technology [VTx] or AMD-V) and it must be enabled in the BIOS (check with your Motherboard manufacture's web site for more information).

• From the Start Screen, type Windows Features, click on the Settings button and click on Turn Windows Features on or off.
• In the Windows Features dialog display, check the Hyper-V option, and then press the OK button.  Note: If the Hyper-V Platform is grayed out the 64-bit version of the OS is not installed.

Notes: 

• To enable Hyper-V using the administrator command prompt, type: Dism /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Hyper-V -All
• To enable Hyper-V using Windows PowerShell, type: enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Hyper-V -All 

After the Hyper-V installation is completed, the computer will need to be restarted.  To create, delete or manage the VMs, you will need to use the Hyper-V Management console.  To access the console from the Start screen, type Hyper-V and then click the Hyper-V Manager.

Software: FileZilla (FTP Client)

If you do any development (such as web site design) on the Internet or systems administration, then you need a FTP client to upload or download files from remote computers and services.  FileZilla is a free open source cross-platform FTP client with a graphical user interface (note: there is also a FTP server option available).

Below is a brief list of some of its features:

• FTP over SSL/TLS (FTPS) and SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
• Supports resume and transfer of large files > 4GB
• Powerful Site Manager and transfer queue.
• and more.

To download the program or get more information, visit the FileZilla web site.

Windows 8: Taking Ownership of a Folder

When a user creates a file or folder in Windows, they automatically become the owner of that resource. As the owner, they are able to set and change security permissions to the object.

If you want to change the permissions on a resource that you do not own, you must be assigned the Full Control permission. If you don't have the Full Control permission, you must first take ownership of the resource and then you can proceed with assigning yourself the correct permissions.

You can take ownership of a folder in Windows using the steps that are listed below.

• Log on to the computer with an account that has administrator permissions, and open the File Explorer.
• Right-click the file or folder that you want to change ownership permissions on then select Properties, and then click on the Security tab.
• Press the Advanced button.
• Click the Owner link towards the top left of the dialog.
• The current owner of the resource will be listed.
• In the select user or group dialog select the user that needs ownership assigned to them.
• Press the OK button twice.

Now that the new user has ownership of the object they must be assigned the Full Control permission to change the security permissions on the file or folder.